Thinking about making the move Down Under? Australia’s migration system offers dozens of visa pathways, each with its own rule book, paperwork, and deadlines. Whether you’re a software engineer eyeing a skilled visa, a recent graduate hoping to stay on a 485, a parent keen to reunite with family, or a backpacker chasing a Working Holiday adventure, the questions can feel endless—and the stakes are high.
To save you time (and stress), we’ve gathered the most common questions Australian immigration lawyers hear from migrants in 2025—excluding partner visas—and paired them with clear, up‑to‑date answers. You’ll find concise guidance on eligibility, processing times, work rights, pathways to permanent residency, and recent legislative changes across skilled, student, visitor, graduate, business, humanitarian, working‑holiday, temporary work, and family‑reunion categories.
Use this FAQ as your quick‑reference roadmap before you book a consultation or press “submit” on your application. While the information is current as of July 2025, immigration law can shift quickly—so always double‑check the latest rules or seek professional advice tailored to your situation. Welcome to your first step toward Australia!
(We build this article with deep research Chat gpt that use more than 25 sources )
.Frequently Asked Questions by Migrants about Australian Visas (2025)
Skilled Migration Visas (Subclass 189, 190, 491)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the eligibility requirements for skilled visas (189, 190, 491)? | Skilled visas require you to have an occupation on the approved skilled occupation list and a positive skills assessment for that occupation. You must be under 45 years old at the time of invitation, have at least competent English (e.g. IELTS 6.0 or equivalent), and meet the points test pass mark (minimum 65 points). You need to submit an Expression of Interest (EOI) and be invited through the SkillSelect system. Other requirements include meeting health and character checks. Visa subclass differences: 189 is independent (no sponsor required), 190 requires nomination by an Australian state/territory, and 491 is a regional provisional visa requiring either state nomination or sponsorship by an eligible relative in a regional area. |
| How does the points test work, and how many points do I need for a skilled visa? | The points test awards points for factors like age, English proficiency, skilled work experience, education, Australian study, and other criteria. The minimum pass mark is 65 points for subclasses 189, 190, 491. However, 65 is just the eligibility threshold – in practice, due to high competition, most successful applicants have significantly higher scores (often 85+ points) to receive an invitation. You can increase your points by improving English test scores (e.g. scoring IELTS 7 or 8 for extra points), gaining more skilled work experience, completing a higher qualification, studying in Australia (especially in regional areas), or claiming partner skill points if applicable. |
| What is the difference between subclass 189, 190, and 491 visas? | Subclass 189 (Skilled Independent) is a permanent resident visa that doesn’t require any sponsor. If you meet the points and are invited, you get PR and can live anywhere in Australia. Subclass 190 (Skilled Nominated) is also a permanent visa but requires nomination by a state or territory government, so you must satisfy state-specific criteria and commit to living in that state for at least two years. Subclass 491 (Skilled Work Regional) is a 5-year provisional visa for those nominated by a state/territory or sponsored by an eligible family member in a designated regional area. The 491 visa requires you to live and work in regional Australia; it is not immediately permanent, but it leads to eligibility for a PR visa (subclass 191) after meeting certain requirements. One key difference in the points test is that state-nominated visas grant bonus points (190 gives +5 points, 491 gives +15 points) which help you meet the points threshold. |
| How long are the processing times for skilled visa applications in 2025? | Processing times can vary with application volumes, but generally skilled visa processing has improved as more resources were allocated to reduce backlogs. As of 2025, about 75% of subclass 189 applications are processed within ~8 months, and 90% within ~12 months. State-nominated visas (190/491) are often in similar ranges (around 6–12 months) once you have an invitation, though the wait for an invitation itself can be longer for certain occupations. Keep in mind that processing can be delayed if your documentation is incomplete, if health or character checks take extra time, or if demand is very high for your occupation. |
| Do I need a job offer to apply for a skilled visa? | No, a job offer is not required for points-tested general skilled migration visas. The 189 and 190 visas are based on your qualifications, skills, and points score – they do not require an employer sponsorship (unlike employer-sponsored visas). For the 491, if you are nominated by a state government, some states may prefer or require that you have an intention to work in certain areas or even a job offer in the region, but many applicants get nominated without a specific job lined up. The focus is on your skills and employability rather than having a job offer at hand. Once the visa is granted, it’s up to you to find employment in Australia (but the visa itself doesn’t mandate a job upon entry). |
| Can I include my family members in a skilled visa application? | Yes. When you lodge a skilled visa application (189, 190, or 491), you can include eligible dependent family members in the application. This typically includes your spouse or de facto partner, and your children (usually under 18, or older children up to 23 in full-time study and financially dependent on you). If your visa is granted, your family members receive the same visa status as you. For example, a spouse and children included in a 189 or 190 visa grant will also become Australian permanent residents. It’s important that dependents meet health and character requirements as well. Including a partner who also has skills and English ability can potentially give you extra points (partner skills points), but that partner must then also meet certain criteria (under 45, competent English, and have a skills assessment in an occupation on the list). |
| Is there an age limit for skilled migration visas? | Yes. The general age limit is 45 years for the primary applicant. You must be younger than 45 at the time you receive an invitation to apply (for 189, 190, 491). If you turn 45 after the invitation, you can still lodge the visa (since your age is “locked in” at invitation). Note that no points are awarded for age beyond 44 – age 45+ is ineligible for new invitations. There are very limited exceptions to the age limit (for example, the Global Talent visa or employer-sponsored PR visas can sometimes waive the age requirement if certain high salary or unique talent criteria are met). But for the points-tested skilled visas, 45 is a firm cutoff. |
| Can a 491 visa lead to permanent residency? | Yes. The subclass 491 regional visa can lead to PR through the Permanent Residence (Skilled Regional) visa (subclass 191). To be eligible for the 191 visa, you must have held the 491 visa for at least 3 years and have substantially lived, worked and studied in a designated regional area during that time. You also need to show you met the income requirement – initially this was designed as a minimum taxable income each year (previously set at AUD $53,900/year) for 3 years. However, as of 2023 the government removed the fixed minimum income threshold. Instead, you must provide Australian Tax Office notice of assessment documents for at least 3 relevant financial years while on your 491 to demonstrate you earned an income (there is *currently no specific dollar minimum). In summary, after 3 years in regional Australia on the 491 (and complying with its conditions), you can apply for the subclass 191 PR visa. Once granted, the 191 gives you full permanent residence with no geographic restrictions. |
Student Visas (Subclass 500)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the requirements for an Australian student visa (subclass 500)? | To get a Student visa, you need to have an enrolment in an Australian course and meet several key requirements. First, you must obtain a Confirmation of Enrolment (CoE) from a CRICOS-registered educational institution in Australia. You must show you are a genuine student – this is assessed via the Genuine Temporary Entrant (GTE) criteria (from 2024, a new “Genuine Student” requirement) which means you must intend to study and have realistic study, career and migration plans. You need to demonstrate financial capacity to support yourself (and any dependents) during your studies – as of May 2024, this means showing at least AUD $29,710 per year for living expenses for yourself, plus additional funds if you have a spouse (about $10,394) or children ($4,449 per child) and travel costs. You also need adequate health insurance (Overseas Student Health Cover) for the duration of your stay. Additionally, you must meet the English language requirement: starting from late 2023, the minimum English test score for most student visa applicants was raised to IELTS 6.0 (or equivalent) from the previous 5.5. (If you are enrolling in an ELICOS English course first, lower scores may apply for that pathway). Finally, you’ll need to satisfy health and character requirements. Once you have all documents, you apply for the visa online (and pay the visa fee). |
| How many hours can I work on a student visa in Australia? | Student visa holders are allowed to work part-time while their course is in session. As of July 2023, the work hour cap is 48 hours per fortnight (i.e. 48 hours over each two-week period) during study periods. This was an increase from the previous 40 hours/fortnight rule. During scheduled academic breaks or holidays, students can work full-time (unlimited hours). It’s important to follow this condition (8105) because working more than the allowed hours when your course is in session would breach your visa. (Note: From mid-2022 until mid-2023, work hours were temporarily unrestricted due to worker shortages, but the cap was reintroduced from 1 July 2023 at the higher 48-hour limit.) Always remember your primary purpose is study – maintaining your course attendance and progress is crucial; excessive work shouldn’t interfere with that. |
| Can my spouse or partner work while I am studying in Australia? | Yes, if you bring a dependent partner on your student visa (as a secondary applicant), they are allowed to work, but with certain limitations. In general, partners of student visa holders can work up to 48 hours per fortnight (essentially the same work hour restriction as the primary student). This rule was aligned with the student work hours from July 2023. An exception is if the student is pursuing a Master’s by research or a PhD – in that case, the spouse may have unrestricted work rights (full-time work allowed) because the primary student is engaged in a high level of research study. For coursework students (bachelor’s or master’s by coursework), dependants are limited to the 48 hours/fortnight work cap. Keep in mind that your partner cannot start working until you (the student) have commenced your course. These work rights help support your living expenses, but your partner should still be listed in your financial capacity documents to show you have sufficient funds independent of any work income. |
| What proof of funds or financial capacity do I need for a student visa? | You need to show you have enough money to cover tuition, living expenses, and travel for yourself (and any accompanying family) for at least the first 12 months of your stay. From 10 May 2024, the Australian government raised the financial requirements. Now a single student must demonstrate about AUD $29,710 for living costs for one year. If you have a spouse coming with you, you need an additional ~$10,394, and for each child, add ~$4,449. You would also need to either prepay or show funds for school fees for any school-age children (around $13,500 per year per child). Additionally, you should have enough to cover travel costs (airfare) to Australia. These funds can be demonstrated via bank statements, educational loans, government sponsorships, or a combination of acceptable financial documents. The increase in required funds in 2024 (75% of Australia’s minimum wage) is intended to ensure students can genuinely support themselves without violating work conditions. Make sure your financial documents are clear, genuine, and meet the visa guidelines (the Department sometimes verifies large deposits or loans for authenticity). |
| What are the visa conditions for student visa holders (subclass 500)? | Student visas come with several important conditions. Condition 8105 is the work limitation – as discussed, you can work no more than 48 hours per fortnight during course sessions (and unlimited in holidays). Condition 8202 requires you to maintain satisfactory attendance and course progress in your enrolled course – essentially you must actually study and pass your subjects. Condition 8501 requires you to maintain health insurance (OSHC) for the entire period of your stay. Condition 8516 says you must continue to meet the requirements of the visa (for example, remain enrolled in an eligible course) – if you drop out or defer without valid reason, you could breach this. Also, there’s condition 8517 for dependants: school-age dependents must maintain enrolment in school. Another is condition 8533, which requires you to notify your education provider of your residential address (and any change of address) in Australia within 7 days. In summary, you must stick to studying what you signed up for, obey the work hour rules, keep your insurance, and keep the authorities informed of your situation. These conditions are listed in your visa grant notice – breaching them can lead to visa cancellation, so it’s important to understand and follow them. |
Visitor Visas (Tourist Visas – Subclass 600, 601 ETA, 651 eVisitor)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How can I apply for a tourist or visitor visa to Australia? | Visitor visas can be applied for online through the Department of Home Affairs. The process depends on your nationality. If you hold a passport from an ETA-eligible country (Electronic Travel Authority, like the US, Canada, Singapore, etc.) you can apply for a subclass 601 ETA – often through a smartphone app or travel agent – which is typically quick to approve. Many European passport holders are eligible for a subclass 651 eVisitor visa, which is free to apply for online. For others, the typical route is the subclass 600 Visitor visa, which you apply for via an ImmiAccount online, selecting the stream (tourist, family visit, or business visitor). In all cases you need a valid passport, and you should demonstrate genuine tourist intentions – this can include showing your travel plans, a return ticket, leave from work, and sufficient funds to cover your stay. Sometimes additional documents (like an invitation letter from family in Australia, or evidence of your employment and ties home) are needed to convince the visa officer you’ll comply with the visa and not overstay. The application involves filling out the form, paying the visa fee, and uploading supporting documents. Processing can range from a few days to a few weeks depending on your circumstances and the volume of applications. |
| How long can I stay in Australia on a visitor visa? | It depends on the visa granted. Electronic Travel Authority (601) and eVisitor (651) visas typically allow stays of up to 3 months per visit. These visas themselves are usually valid for 12 months (during which you can enter multiple times, each stay up to 3 months). The Visitor visa (600) can be granted for different lengths: common grants are 3 months, 6 months, or in some cases 12 months. A 12-month stay is more often given to parents of Australian citizens/PR or in other special cases, and may come with a condition that you can’t stay longer than 12 months in any 18-month period. The visa grant notice will specify how long you can stay per visit and the visa’s overall validity. It’s important to abide by those dates – overstaying even by a short time can cause problems (like a re-entry ban). If you need longer, you could either request a longer stay in your initial application or apply for another visitor visa to extend your stay (provided no “8503 – No Further Stay” condition is on your visa). But in general, tourists are expected to stick to short stays (3 months) unless a special case is made for longer. |
| Can I extend my visitor visa or change to another visa while in Australia? | Extending a visitor visa per se isn’t possible in the sense of just getting more time on the same visa, but you can apply for another visa (such as another Visitor visa) before your current one expires, and if granted, that allows you to stay longer. Many people do apply for an onshore Visitor visa (subclass 600) to prolong their visit – as long as your current visa does not have condition 8503 (“No Further Stay”), you may lodge a new application inside Australia. When you apply onshore, you’ll usually be granted a Bridging Visa that lets you remain in Australia lawfully until a decision is made. Keep in mind you’ll need to meet the criteria again (show that you’re still a genuine visitor with reasons to go home afterwards, and that you have funds for the extended stay). Alternatively, you can depart Australia and apply for a new visa from offshore. As for switching to other visa types: it is sometimes possible (for example, some visitors later apply for a student visa or a partner visa onshore). As of 2024, new rules are tightening onshore “visa hopping” – certain visas like visitor visa holders may be required to apply for student visas offshore – so always check the latest rules. In any case, do not overstay your visa without applying for a new one, as overstaying can lead to detention and a re-entry ban. It’s best to seek advice if you’re unsure. |
| Can I work in Australia on a visitor visa? | No. Australian visitor visas strictly forbid work. A standard visitor visa will have condition 8101 – “No Work”, which means you must not engage in any work while in Australia. “Work” is defined as an activity that would normally be remunerated – so you cannot take up a job or provide services that you would normally be paid for. This includes unpaid work in exchange for benefits (like accommodation). Volunteering (where you receive no remuneration beyond maybe meals) is allowed in limited circumstances, but it must be genuinely voluntary and for a non-profit/community benefit. Also, working remotely for an overseas employer while you’re in Australia on a tourist visa is a grey area – generally, the Department has indicated that if your online work is for a foreign company and serving foreign clients (and you are just incidentally in Australia), it may not breach 8101. But caution is advised. The intent of the visitor visa is tourism, family visits, or short business meetings. If you are caught working (for example, paid under the table in a restaurant), you risk visa cancellation and possibly being removed from Australia, as well as difficulties obtaining visas in the future. Bottom line: do not undertake employment in Australia on a visitor/tourist visa. |
| Can I study on a visitor visa? | You can do some short-term study on a visitor visa. As a tourist, you’re allowed to engage in study or training for up to 3 months (12 weeks) total. This is useful for people who might want to take a short course, like an English language class or a cooking course, or even a quick university exchange of under 3 months. If your study will be longer than 3 months, you must get a student visa. The 3-month limit is cumulative – e.g., you cannot do two back-to-back 3-month courses on one visitor visa; the total study time on one visa should not exceed 3 months. Also, note that even if studying short-term, the no-work condition still applies; you cannot work to support yourself during that study. If you intend a longer course or a full degree program, you should apply for a student visa from the start. |
Temporary Graduate Visas (Subclass 485)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who is eligible for a Temporary Graduate visa (subclass 485)? | The Temporary Graduate visa is designed for international students who recently graduated from an Australian institution. To be eligible, you must have completed a course of at least 2 academic years (92 weeks) of study in Australia, in a CRICOS-registered course, and the study was conducted in English and on a valid student visa. You must apply for the 485 within 6 months of completing your course. There are two streams: the Post-Study Work stream (for those who earned an Australian Bachelor, Master’s, or PhD) and the Graduate Work stream (for those with other qualifications like diploma or trade certificate). For the Post-Study Work stream, there is no occupation list requirement. For the Graduate Work stream, you generally need to nominate an occupation that is on the skilled occupation list and obtain a skills assessment for that occupation – this requirement was temporarily relaxed in recent years but check current status. All applicants must be under a certain age – notably, from late 2023 the age limit for the 485 visa was lowered to under 35 (down from 50). You also need to show at least Competent English (IELTS 6.0); in fact, starting from 2024, the English requirement increased to an overall IELTS 6.5 (or equivalent), with no band below 5.5. Meeting health insurance and character requirements is also necessary. In summary, a recent Aussie graduate, under 35, with sufficient English and the right qualification, can usually qualify for a 485 visa. |
| How long can I stay on a 485 visa and can it be extended? | The length of the Temporary Graduate visa depends on your qualification and any recent policy changes. Currently (after recent reforms), a Bachelor’s degree or a Master’s by coursework graduate gets 2 years on a 485. A Master’s by research or a PhD graduate typically gets 3 years. (These durations were adjusted by the government; note that in 2023 there were special extensions granted – an extra 2 years – for graduates in specified high-demand fields like health, teaching, engineering, etc., which meant some Bachelor grads got 4 years, Master’s 5 years, PhD 6 years. However, moving into 2024-2025 the plan is to revert to the standard 2 or 3-year lengths.) Additionally, graduates who studied at a regional campus may be eligible for an additional 1-2 year second 485 visa on top of the initial one. There is no further extension of the 485 beyond these provisions – it’s generally a one-time opportunity (except the regional second visa or the special COVID replacement visas for those who lost time due to border closures). So, you cannot renew the 485 beyond those options. After your 485 expires, you would need to transition to another visa (employer sponsorship, skilled visa, etc.) or depart Australia. |
| What is the difference between the Post-Study Work stream and the Graduate Work stream of the 485 visa? | The Post-Study Work (PSW) stream of subclass 485 is for graduates with a higher education degree from Australia. If you completed a Bachelor’s, Honours, Masters, or PhD, you fall under this stream. It does not require your field of study to be linked to any skilled occupation list – you can have a degree in any discipline. The PSW stream generally offers longer visa durations for higher qualifications (e.g. usually 2 years for Bachelor, longer for higher degrees as noted above). The Graduate Work stream, on the other hand, is for graduates with diplomas, trade qualifications, or degrees that might not meet the criteria of the PSW stream (for example, if you used an older rule or had a degree but were only eligible for Graduate Work due to timing). The Graduate Work stream historically required the applicant’s occupation to be on the Medium-Long Term Skill List and a skills assessment to be provided. This was temporarily scrapped in 2020-2022 to allow more graduates to stay during COVID, but as of mid-2023 the skills list requirement has been reintroduced (with some flexibility as policy continues to evolve). Graduate Work stream visas are granted for 18 months (recently temporarily extended to 24 months in some cases). In summary: PSW is for university degree holders and is straightforward; Graduate Work is for other graduates and has additional skill criteria. Most international students who complete a uni degree use the PSW stream. |
| Do I need a job offer to obtain a Temporary Graduate visa? | No, you do not need any job offer or sponsorship to get a 485 Temporary Graduate visa. This visa is an “open” work visa granted on the basis of your Australian studies. Once you have the 485, it gives you full work rights (you can work for any employer, or even multiple employers, or not work at all if you choose). The purpose of the 485 is to allow new graduates to live and work or travel in Australia to gain experience. Unlike employer-sponsored visas, you don’t need to have a company nominate you. You qualify based on your study credentials. Keep in mind, however, that the visa is temporary – so you’ll likely use the time on the 485 to gain skilled work experience in Australia (which can help if you later apply for permanent visas), or to find an employer willing to sponsor you, or to pursue further education. It’s essentially a post-study work permit. But the grant of the visa itself does not require any employment – you just have to meet the graduation and application requirements mentioned earlier. |
| Have there been any recent changes to the Temporary Graduate (485) visa that I should know about? | Yes, there have been several important updates. In early 2023, the government introduced an extra 2-year extension for 485 visas for graduates in selected fields (like medical, teaching, engineering, ICT) to address skill shortages. Also, during COVID many 485 holders who couldn’t use their visas got one-time replacement visas to have another chance; that program is closing by early 2024. The most notable changes from late 2023 into 2024 include: the age limit for 485 was reduced to 35 (previously one could apply up to age 50), making the visa more targeted to younger graduates. The English language requirement was raised – now you need an IELTS overall 6.5 (with no band below 5.5) or equivalent, which is higher than before. Additionally, the length of the visa is being recalibrated – while special extensions have been in place, the government signaled a return to 2 years for most grads (and 3 for PhD) going forward. Lastly, it’s worth noting there’s a proposal to create a new pathway called the “Skills in Demand” visa which would allow 485 holders who find skilled jobs to transition to a new 4-year visa and then to PR. This is part of the broader migration reforms. So, the landscape for 485 holders is improving in terms of pathways to stay longer, but also tightening in terms of eligibility criteria (age, English). Always check the latest rules when you are close to graduating, as this visa category is actively being reformed. |
Business and Investment Visas (Subclass 188/888)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What types of business and investment visas are available for Australia? | Australia’s Business Innovation & Investment Program (BIIP) offers several visa pathways for those who are entrepreneurs, business owners, or investors. The main provisional visa is the Subclass 188, which has several streams: Business Innovation stream (188A) – for people with a successful business career who want to start or buy a business in Australia; Investor stream (188B) – for people willing to invest a significant amount (at least AUD $2.5 million) in Australian investments; Significant Investor stream (188C) – for those investing at least AUD $5 million in Australia (in prescribed investments); Entrepreneur stream (188E) – for individuals with a funding agreement to carry out entrepreneurial activities in Australia. There was also a Premium Investor (AUD $15m) and Distinguished Talent stream, but those are niche. All these 188 visas are temporary visas (provisional) usually valid for 5 years, and most require state or territory government nomination to apply. After meeting certain requirements (such as maintaining the investment or business for a few years), you can then apply for the Subclass 888 permanent visa in the corresponding stream (888A, 888B, 888C, etc.) to become a permanent resident. In summary, the BIIP visas are a two-step path: provisional 188 visa → later PR 888 visa, aimed at attracting business owners and investors to Australia. |
| What are the requirements for the 188A Business Innovation visa? | The 188A Business Innovation stream is for people who want to establish or manage a business in Australia. Key requirements include: you must be under 55 years of age (unless a state waives this for an exceptional business proposal). You need to have had a successful business career. Specifically, you (and/or your spouse combined) must have owned a business (or businesses) with at least AUD $750,000 annual turnover in at least 2 of the last 4 years before you apply. You must also show net business and personal assets of at least AUD $1.25 million (if invited after 1 July 2021) – these assets must be available to transfer to Australia. You also need to score at least 65 points on the business innovation points test (points are awarded for age, English ability, business experience, assets, turnover, innovation, etc.). Another requirement is obtaining a nomination by an Australian state or territory government – each state has slightly different industry priorities and might ask for a business proposal. Importantly, no prior investment in Australia is required before the visa (unlike investor visas); however, after you arrive on 188A, you’re expected to actually establish a business in Australia and meet certain milestones to qualify for the permanent 888A later (like a certain amount of investment in the business, certain number of employees, etc.). |
| How much money do I need to invest for the Investor or Significant Investor visa? | For the Investor stream (subclass 188B), you need to make a designated investment of AUD $2.5 million into complying Australian investments. These investments typically must be distributed in a specific way (for example, a portion into venture capital and growth private equity funds, a portion in managed funds investing in emerging companies, and the remainder in balanced investments) – these rules were updated in 2021. In addition to investing $2.5M, you must have at least $2.5M in net assets and a background of managing investments or a business. For the Significant Investor stream (subclass 188C), the required investment is AUD $5 million, also into complying funds. The Significant Investor visa does not have a points test and has no age limit, making it attractive to high-net-worth individuals. The $5M must be invested for the duration of the provisional visa (usually 5 years). After that, if you’ve maintained the investment, you can apply for PR (888C). So in summary: $2.5 million for the investor visa, or $5 million for the significant investor visa, invested according to the government’s rules. These are substantial sums, but the trade-off is that the Significant Investor in particular has more lenient criteria (no age or English requirements). The Investor (188B) still requires 65 points and age under 55, etc., in addition to the funds. |
| Do business and investor visas lead to permanent residency? | Yes – the business/investment visas are generally structured as a provisional visa leading to a permanent visa. If you are granted a subclass 188 (whether 188A, 188B, 188C, or others), you will be given a visa typically valid for 5 years. During that time, you’re expected to fulfill certain performance criteria. For example, 188A Business Innovation holders should actually engage in business in Australia – when they later apply for the permanent subclass 888A, they’ll need to show evidence of business operations for at least 2 years, having achieved at least AUD $300k in turnover in a year, and meeting two of three criteria regarding net assets, investment, or employment in their business. 188B Investor visa holders, to get PR (888B), need to have held the AUD $2.5M investment for the required period (4 years under current settings) and resided in Australia for at least 2 out of those 4 years. 188C Significant Investors need to have maintained their $5M investment for the period (currently 4 years) to qualify for 888C, with a lighter residency requirement (160 days over 4 years). If those conditions are met, the 888 visa is granted and that is a permanent residency visa (with no further business/investment conditions). In short, the initial visa is temporary, but it has a built-in pathway to PR if you meet the requirements. |
| Is the Australian Business Innovation and Investment visa program still open in 2025? | The program is technically still open, but it’s undergoing change. In 2023, the Australian government signaled a pause or reduction in the BIIP intake: no new allocations for the Business Innovation and Investment Program were provided for the 2023-24 program year. This is because a major review of the immigration program recommended potentially phasing out or significantly reforming these business/investor visas (citing that outcomes from some streams weren’t as beneficial as hoped). As of 2025, what this means is that while you can lodge an Expression of Interest for a subclass 188, the number of invitations issued by states might be very limited. The government indicated it is developing a new “Talent and Innovation” visa to attract high-value migrants, and until that is rolled out, the BIIP visas are not being prioritized. For instance, some states have closed applications for 188 nominations or put strict caps. If you already hold a 188, you can still progress to 888 PR as normal. But new applicants should be aware the landscape might change – the program could be replaced or requirements could increase. It’s wise to check the latest announcements or consult a migration agent for up-to-date advice on whether the 188/888 route is viable at the time you’re interested. |
Humanitarian and Protection Visas (Refugee/Asylum)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How can I seek asylum or apply for a Protection visa in Australia? | If you are inside Australia and fear persecution or serious harm in your home country, you can apply for an onshore Protection visa (subclass 866). This requires you to lodge an application (online or by paper) detailing your refugee claim – essentially, you need to show that you meet the definition of a refugee or protected person, meaning you have a well-founded fear of persecution in your home country due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, or you are at risk of significant harm (like torture, cruel treatment) if you return. The process involves an interview and presenting evidence of your claims. While your 866 application is in process, you will typically be on a Bridging Visa; most applicants are granted work rights on the bridging visa so they can support themselves during what can be a lengthy assessment period. If you are outside Australia and seeking humanitarian resettlement, you cannot apply for a Protection visa (that’s only onshore) – instead you might seek to be sponsored under the Refugee and Special Humanitarian Program. This could be through a Refugee (subclass 200 series) visa which often requires referral by UNHCR, or a Global Special Humanitarian (subclass 202) visa if you have an Australian connection to propose you. These offshore humanitarian visas are part of Australia’s annual intake (around 13,750 places, with additional allocations for certain crises). The key point: asylum claims must be made onshore, whereas refugee resettlement is done offshore. It’s important to lodge as soon as possible after arrival if claiming asylum, as delays can affect your case. |
| How long does it take to get a decision on a Protection visa? | Processing times for onshore protection (asylum) claims can vary widely. In recent years, backlogs have grown. It’s not uncommon for initial decisions to take several months to a couple of years. The Department of Home Affairs prioritizes certain cases (for example, those who arrived legally on a valid visa may be processed faster than some legacy caseloads of unauthorised maritime arrivals). If your case is straightforward and well-documented, you might get a decision within a year, but many applicants wait well over 18 months for an interview and outcome. If the Department refuses the application, you can appeal to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT), and that adds additional time (potentially another year or more for a hearing). Recent government efforts have aimed to clear long-standing backlogs, so some legacy cases are finally being decided. While waiting, applicants on a bridging visa often have work rights and access to Medicare. It’s a lengthy process overall – you should be prepared for potentially a multi-year journey from application to a final resolution, especially if appeals are involved. |
| Can I work while my asylum application is being processed? | In most cases, yes, eventually you can. When you lodge a Protection visa application (subclass 866) in Australia, you will be granted a Bridging Visa A (BVA) or another bridging visa. Initially, that BVA might come with condition 8101 (no work), but current policy is generally to grant work rights to asylum applicants to prevent destitution. Many asylum seekers can apply for and are granted work permission after either a short waiting period or immediately with the bridging visa. As of now, the Department’s default is to give work rights on bridging visas for protection applicants (unlike many years ago when people often couldn’t work for the first six months). So practically, you should expect to be allowed to work while waiting for the outcome of your claim. You will also usually have access to Medicare (Australia’s health care system) while on the bridging visa with a pending protection application. Keep in mind, if you arrived without a valid visa (unauthorised arrival), different rules applied in the past (some were barred from work for a time), but those restrictions have mostly eased with policy changes. It’s important to follow any reporting requirements and keep your contact details updated with the Department while you live in the community on a bridging visa. |
| What is a Temporary Protection Visa (TPV) and can TPV holders become permanent residents? | Temporary Protection Visas (subclass 785) were three-year visas given to certain asylum seekers who arrived in Australia without prior authorization (by boat) in the past. Similarly, a Safe Haven Enterprise Visa (SHEV, subclass 790) was a five-year temporary visa. These visas allowed people to live and work in Australia temporarily but did not offer a direct pathway to permanency – for many years, TPV/SHEV holders had to re-apply for another temporary visa repeatedly. However, in early 2023, the government changed policy to end the TPV/SHEV system. They announced that anyone holding a TPV or SHEV (who arrived before a cutoff date) could apply for a permanent visa. The visa introduced for this is the Resolution of Status visa (subclass 851), which is a permanent residency visa. So yes, as of 2023, TPV and SHEV holders can transition to PR. Specifically, TPV/SHEV holders who were in Australia before 14 February 2023 are eligible to apply for the Resolution of Status visa, which grants permanent residence (with the same rights as other PR, including the ability to later apply for citizenship). This was a significant change that resolved the uncertain status of thousands of refugees. In short: TPVs and SHEVs are being phased out – those people are now getting permanent protection and will not have to keep renewing temporary visas. New asylum applicants, if approved, are directly granted a permanent Protection visa 866 (the TPV/SHEV policy is no longer applied). |
Working Holiday Visas (Subclass 417 and 462)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who is eligible for an Australian Working Holiday visa? | Working Holiday Maker visas are available to young adults from countries that have a reciprocal agreement with Australia. There are two visa types: Subclass 417 (Working Holiday) and Subclass 462 (Work and Holiday) – the main difference is simply which countries are eligible and some slight differences in requirements. In general, to be eligible you must be between 18 and 30 years old (inclusive) at time of application. For some countries, the cutoff has been expanded to 35 years old – notably citizens of the UK, Ireland, France, Canada, Denmark, Italy and a few others can apply up until 35. You must hold an eligible passport (for example, 417 visa countries include most of Europe, Canada, Japan, South Korea, etc., while 462 visa countries include the USA, China, Malaysia, and others – and 462 has additional requirements like a letter of support or proof of education). You need to have no dependent children accompanying you. You must also show sufficient funds (about AUD $5,000) to support initial travel, plus a ticket or funds for a return flight. For the 462 visa, there may be an English proficiency requirement and an educational requirement (e.g. at least 2 years of university) depending on your country. Overall, if you are 18-30 (or 35 for certain nationals) and from an eligible country, with a bit of savings, you stand a good chance of getting a working holiday visa. |
| How long can I stay in Australia on a working holiday visa, and can I extend it? | An initial Working Holiday or Work and Holiday visa lets you stay for 12 months from the date of first entry. During that time, you can leave and re-enter Australia if you want (it’s multiple entry). You can extend your time in Australia by qualifying for a second working holiday visa, and even a third. To get a Second Year visa, you must complete at least 3 months (88 days) of specified work in regional Australia on your first visa. Specified work includes jobs like farm work, fruit picking, construction in regional areas, mining, bushfire recovery work, etc. If you do that and apply for the second visa, you get another 12-month stay. To get a Third Year visa, you must do an additional 6 months of specified work on your second visa. So in total, one can do up to 3 years on this program (3 separate visas of 12 months each). There have been recent changes for UK citizens: under the Australia-UK Free Trade Agreement, from 1 July 2023, Brits can apply up to age 35, and from 1 July 2024, UK passport holders no longer need to do any specified farm work to get the second and third visas – they are entitled to the 3 visas automatically by application. For other nationalities, the work requirement still applies. In summary: you can stay 1 year, or up to 3 years if you fulfill the work requirements (with the special exception of UK and a couple of other countries that have arrangements to waive the requirement). |
| What kind of work can I do on a working holiday visa? | The working holiday visa is quite flexible in terms of employment – you can work in any kind of job in Australia, full-time or part-time, for the duration of your visa. Common jobs WHV holders do include hospitality (barista, bartender, restaurant staff), farm and fruit-picking work, retail, tourism (hotel or hostel work), laboring and construction, and au pair/childcare. There is one key restriction: on both subclass 417 and 462 visas, there is usually a condition 8547 which limits you to working no more than 6 months with any one employer. This means you need to change employers at least every 6 months. (It’s meant to encourage the “holiday” part – traveling and not sticking in one job the whole time). There are some exceptions – you can sometimes get permission to extend with the same employer in certain industries (like agriculture or bushfire recovery work) or if working in different locations for the same employer (e.g. a restaurant chain in different cities). But generally, plan for short-term jobs or casual contracts. Other than that, you have full work rights – you’re entitled to at least the minimum wage and should be employed legally (with tax withholding, etc.). Many working holiday makers take up seasonal farm work both to support themselves and to qualify for visa extensions. You can also study short-term (up to 4 months). So the types of work aren’t restricted by field – it’s the duration with one employer that’s limited. |
| Have there been any recent changes to the Working Holiday Maker program? | Yes, a few notable changes: Age limit increases – several countries now have the WHV age up to 35. Notably the United Kingdom agreement, effective 2023, allows Brits up to 35 to apply. Other countries with age 35 include Canada, France, Ireland, Italy, Denmark, and more. Another big change is for UK passport holders from 1 July 2024: the requirement to do farm or specified work for second and third visas has been removed for UK citizens. This means British participants can automatically get 3 years of WHV (one after the other) without doing the 88 days or 6-month work stints – a privilege not extended to other nationalities. Separately, Australia has been expanding the program to new countries (recent additions in the last few years include countries like Ecuador, Mongolia, Switzerland for 462, etc.). Also, during COVID, special arrangements allowed people to extend if they worked in critical sectors, but those were temporary. Another change: the cap on some 462 countries (which have annual limits) has been increasing, allowing more applicants from places like Malaysia, Singapore, etc. And finally, the six-month per employer work limitation was temporarily relaxed during parts of the pandemic but has since been reintroduced – however, there is talk of potentially easing that restriction in the future to help worker shortages. Always check the Department’s “latest news” for WHM, as conditions can be updated (for example, any new country agreement or rule change will be published). As of 2025, the key updates are the UK deal changes and age limit expansions, which make the program more accessible to more people. |
Temporary Skill Shortage Work Visas (Subclass 482 TSS)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Temporary Skill Shortage (482) visa and who can apply for it? | The 482 Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa is an employer-sponsored work visa. It allows Australian businesses to hire overseas skilled workers to fill positions they can’t find Australian workers for. To apply for a 482 visa, you need a job offer from an Australian employer who is an approved standard business sponsor. The job you are offered must be in an occupation listed on the official skilled occupation lists appropriate for the TSS visa. There are currently three streams: a Short-Term stream (occupations on the STSOL list), a Medium-Term stream (occupations on the MLTSSL list), and a Labour Agreement stream (for jobs under a negotiated industry agreement or DAMA). The applicant must have the qualifications and at least a couple of years of work experience in the occupation. As of late 2024, the work experience requirement is being reduced – previously applicants needed 2 years of skilled experience, but from 23 November 2024 the requirement will be 1 year of experience in the field. The applicant also needs to meet a minimum level of English (generally an IELTS 5.0 overall, with at least 5.0 in each band for the medium-term stream; slightly lower in one band allowed for short-term). The employer must meet certain salary requirements (pay at least the market rate and above the TSMIT threshold) and must formally nominate the position. In short, who can apply? – someone with a genuine job offer in a skilled occupation from a sponsoring employer, who has the required skills, experience, and English proficiency. |
| What are the requirements for an employer to sponsor me on a 482 visa? | The employer has to become an approved sponsor (if not already). This means they must be a lawfully operating business, and they apply to the government for a Sponsorship agreement. Once a standard business sponsor, they can nominate roles. For each nomination (the job position), key requirements are: the job must be on the relevant occupation list; the role must pay at least the Temporary Skilled Migration Income Threshold (TSMIT) and the market salary rate for that job. As of 2025, TSMIT is about AUD $76,500 (it was increased from $70,000 in July 2023, and indexed to $73,150 in 2024, then to $76,515 from 1 July 2025). So, the offered salary must be >= $76k (not including superannuation) or higher if that’s what an Aussie would earn for that job. The employer usually must do Labour Market Testing – i.e. advertise the position locally – to show no local was available, unless an exemption applies. They also have to pay a training levy (Skilling Australians Fund levy) which can be a few thousand dollars per year of visa. The employer must show it is a genuine position needed for the business and that your qualifications and experience fit the role. They also need to adhere to sponsorship obligations, like not engaging in discriminatory hiring practices and agreeing to cover things like travel costs to send you home if you end employment. In summary, the employer must be approved, nominate a skilled position with a fair salary above the threshold, and follow procedural requirements (like advertising and paying fees) to sponsor someone on a 482 visa. |
| How long can I stay and work on a 482 visa? | The duration of a 482 visa depends on which stream and occupation list your job falls under. Under previous settings, Short-Term stream visas (for occupations on the short-term list) were granted for up to 2 years (renewable once onshore, or more offshore), and Medium-Term stream visas (occupations on the medium- and long-term list) were granted for up to 4 years at a time. However, the government announced changes to make the TSS visa more streamlined. By late 2023, all TSS visas will provide for a 4-year stay for new applicants. This effectively means even occupations that were short-term might get a 4-year visa, eliminating the 2-year vs 4-year distinction. (This is part of the reform to eventually replace 482 with a single Skilled Worker visa.) If you’re under a Labour Agreement or DAMA, sometimes visas can be 4 years or even 5 years depending on the terms. In any case, while on the 482, you must work for the sponsoring employer (changing employers would require a new nomination by the new employer, but you don’t need to apply for a new visa if just changing sponsor – the new sponsor can take over the remaining period). After the visa expires, it can be renewed (for medium-term stream there was no limit to renewals; short-term could be renewed only once onshore, but these rules are likely to be updated with the new changes). Overall, expect a up-to-4-year initial visa, with possibility to renew if needed or transition to PR if eligible. |
| Is there a pathway to permanent residency from the 482 visa? | Yes, there can be. Traditionally, only the medium-term 482 occupations had a pathway to permanent residency through the Employer Nomination Scheme (subclass 186) visa after 3 years with the employer. However, several changes have made pathways more open. In early 2022-2023, the government made concessions to allow even some short-term stream 482 visa holders to transition to permanent residency, and in late 2023 it was formalized that all 482 visa holders, regardless of stream, have a pathway to PR. The typical route is: after you have worked for your employer for a required period (which was 3 years, now reduced to 2 years with the same employer), the employer can sponsor you for a subclass 186 Employer Nomination Scheme visa in the Temporary Residence Transition (TRT) stream. This results in permanent residency. As of 25 November 2023, the residency requirement was cut to 2 years, and it no longer matters if you were on a short-term or medium-term list – everyone can access the ENS pathway (provided the occupation is not one that’s expressly excluded and the employer is willing to sponsor for PR). You’ll need to meet standard ENS criteria (including being under 45, unless exempt, and having competent English, etc., although there were age and skill waivers for legacy short-termers in 2022-23). In summary, yes, 482 can absolutely be a stepping stone to PR, and it’s now easier than before, since the government intends for employer-sponsored workers to have a permanent option. |
| What recent changes affect the 482 visa program? | The skilled work visa system is undergoing significant reform. Some recent changes: In 2023, the TSMIT (minimum salary) for 482 nominations was raised to $70,000 (excluding super) on 1 July 2023 (up from $53,900), and further indexed to $73,150 on 1 July 2024, and ~$76,500 from 1 July 2025 – this is important as sponsors must meet these higher salary floors. The work experience requirement for visa applicants, which was 2 years, is being halved to 1 year from November 2024 to broaden eligibility for younger talent. The government also removed distinctions between short-term and medium-term streams in terms of PR pathways – now everyone can go for PR after 2 years with their employer. Another change: Labour Market Testing rules were streamlined – job ads no longer have to be posted on the government’s Workforce Australia site, and ad validity was extended to 6 months, making it a bit easier for employers to comply. Perhaps the biggest development is that the 482 TSS visa is slated to be replaced by a new 3-tier “Skills in Demand” work visa by late 2024. The new system may have Tier 1 (highly paid specialists), Tier 2 (skilled workers core stream), and Tier 3 (essential skilled workers), each with tailored criteria – and all streams likely offering a 4-year visa with PR pathways. This is in response to a migration review aiming to simplify the sponsor visa process. Until that is implemented, 482 remains in effect with the modifications above. So in short: higher salary minimums, easier PR access, shorter experience needed, and a comprehensive overhaul in progress that will soon transform the sponsored work visa process. |
Family Reunion Visas (Parent and Other Family Visas, Excluding Partner)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What options do I have to bring my parents to Australia? | The main options to bring parents are through the Parent visa categories. There are permanent parent visas, which fall into two broad types: Contributory Parent visas and Non-Contributory (Regular) Parent visas. Contributory Parent visas (subclass 143 for offshore, or subclass 864 for onshore aged parents) require a high application fee (around AUD $47,000+ per parent) but are processed faster. Non-contributory Parent visas (subclass 103 offshore, or subclass 804 onshore for aged parents) have a much lower fee but extremely long waits (decades). All parent visas require the sponsor (yourself, the child who is an Aussie citizen/PR) to meet the “Balance of Family” test – meaning at least half of your parents’ children must reside permanently in Australia, or more of their children live in Australia than in any other single country. Also, a sponsor (and an assurer) must commit to an Assurance of Support (a financial bond and agreement to cover any social security costs for the parent for 10 years in contributory cases). Due to the long queues, many families choose the Contributory Parent 143 despite the high fee, as it might be processed in perhaps 10-15 years, whereas the regular 103 could literally take 30+ years (effectively not realistic). Another option is the Sponsored Parent (Temporary) visa (subclass 870), which is not permanent – it allows parents to come for up to 3 or 5 years at a time (renewable up to 10 years total). The 870 visa is quicker to get (no balance of family test), but it’s expensive (visa fees around $5,000 for 3 years or $10,000 for 5 years) and has no work rights and no PR status. Some families use the 870 to have parents in Australia while waiting for a parent PR visa to be decided. In summary, to bring parents you either commit to a contributory parent visa process (costly but relatively faster), or a temporary long-term visit visa (870), or apply for the regular parent visa and realistically face a very long wait. |
| How long does it take for a parent visa to be granted? | Very long in most cases. The Australian government caps the number of parent visas each year, causing a queue. For Contributory Parent visas (143/864), current wait times for new applicants are roughly 12 to 14 years. For Non-Contributory Parent visas (103/804), the wait is around 30+ years – effectively more than a generation. These figures sound extreme, but they are openly published by Home Affairs: a new contributory parent application lodged now might only be finalized in the mid-2030s, and a non-contributory one in the 2050s. Even the Aged Parent (804) (onshore) has the same multi-decade queue; the advantage for aged parents is they can stay on a bridging visa in Australia (without work rights) while waiting, whereas offshore parent applicants wait overseas. The government did increase the yearly quota for parent visas slightly (to 8,500 places in 2023-24 from 4,500), but the demand is enormous (over 150,000 parent applicants in the pipeline). So unless quotas are massively expanded or rules changed, these wait times will persist. Contributory visas, while not fast, are the less slow option (a decade or so). Non-contributory ones are so slow that many applicants are unlikely to ever see grant (sadly, many pass away while waiting). Given these realities, some people bring parents on multiple extended visitor visas or the temporary 870 visa to spend time with family in the interim. |
| What is the difference between Contributory Parent visas and regular Parent visas? | The difference lies in cost vs time. Contributory Parent visas require a very large second installment fee (almost AUD $43,600 per parent at visa grant, on top of initial fees) – hence “contributory,” as the migrant contributes to future health/aged care costs. In return, the processing queue is much shorter than the alternative. Contributory Parent applicants currently wait about 12-15 years for grant, which is still long but much less than the regular stream. Non-contributory Parent visas have a much smaller fee (a few thousand dollars) and no big contribution charge, but the trade-off is an extraordinarily long waiting period (25-30+ years) due to limited annual slots. In practice, almost everyone who can afford it opts for the contributory route. Another difference: contributory visas have a temporary subclass option (173 offshore, 884 onshore) where you pay about half the big fee upfront, get a temporary visa (valid 2 years), then pay the remainder for the PR (143/864). The regular parent visa has no temporary stage – it’s a one-step PR but after decades. Also, for contributory parent visa the Assurance of Support bond is higher (currently $10,000 for the main applicant vs $5,000 for non-contrib.), and the bond period is 10 years (vs 2 years for non-contrib.). In short, Contributory = pay about $100k for two parents and wait ~13 years; Non-contributory = pay maybe $7k and wait potentially 30 years. |
| What is the Sponsored Parent (Subclass 870) visa? | The Sponsored Parent (Temporary) 870 visa is a visa that lets a parent live in Australia for an extended visit without needing to depart frequently. It is not a permanent visa and doesn’t lead to PR, but it’s an option for bringing parents for up to a total of 10 years. Key points: The parent must be sponsored by their Australian child (who must be an Aussie citizen/permanent resident or eligible NZ citizen). The sponsor has to meet an income test (they need taxable income in Australia of about $90,000+ per year) and be approved as a sponsor first. Once that’s done, the parent can apply for the 870 visa. You can choose either a 3-year visa (AUD $5k fee) or a 5-year visa (AUD $10k fee). After it expires, you can renew for another term (up to the total of 10 years allowed per parent). Importantly, on an 870, the parent cannot work at all in Australia – zero work rights. They also must maintain health insurance. This visa doesn’t require the balance of family test, so it’s available even if not all children are in Australia. It’s proven useful given the long waits for parent PR visas; a parent can be with family for a few years relatively quickly. However, after 10 years on this visa, they are expected to leave (no further onshore extensions). It’s a good medium-term solution for family time, albeit with high fees and no access to Medicare or welfare. |
| Are there family visas to bring relatives other than partners or parents? | There are a few other family visas, but they are quite limited and have small quotas. One is the Child visa (subclass 101 offshore or 802 onshore) which is for bringing in the dependent child of an Australian citizen or PR – usually this is used for minor children, including adopted children or step-children. Child visas generally have no queue and are processed in under 1-2 years typically (since they are not capped like parent visas). There are also Remaining Relative visas (subclass 115 offshore, 835 onshore) for people who have no close family left outside Australia – i.e., all their near relatives are in Australia. However, the remaining relative visa is subject to a tiny annual cap (only a few hundred granted per year) so the waiting time for those is extremely long (over 20 years). Similarly, there’s a Carer visa (subclass 116 offshore, 836 onshore) for someone overseas who needs to move to Australia to care for a relative here who has a long-term medical condition. Carer visas also have a very small annual quota and wait times that can exceed 5-7 years. Finally, there are Orphan Relative visas for minor children who have no parents and have an aunt/uncle etc. in Australia to care for them. In summary, while these non-partner, non-parent family visas exist (remaining relative, carer, child, orphan), except for child visas they are not common due to extensive waits. Many people instead consider other migration pathways for siblings or adult children (like skilled migration if they qualify), because the “other family” visas are impractical for most due to quotas. (The government’s focus is mainly on partner and parent visas in the family stream.) |
References:
- Skilled Independent Visa (Subclass 189) – Department of Home Affairs
- Points Calculator – Department of Home Affairs
- Student Visa Work‑Hours Update (48 hrs/fortnight) – Home Affairs (PDF)
- Student & Graduate Visa Changes 2024 – Study Australia
- Temporary Graduate Visa (Subclass 485) – Department of Home Affairs
- Working‑Holiday Maker: UK Arrangements (age 35 & no farm‑work) – Home Affairs
- Business Innovation & Investment Visa (Subclass 188) – Home Affairs
- Investor Stream (188B) – Department of Home Affairs
- Resolution of Status Visa (Subclass 851) – Home Affairs
- Skills‑in‑Demand / TSS Visa (Subclass 482) – Home Affairs
- TSMIT Increase to $76,515 (July 2025) – Emigrate Lawyers
- TSMIT Increase Overview – Visa Australia
- PR Pathway for 482 Holders after 2 Years – TechVisa
- Parent Visa Queue & Processing Times – Home Affairs
- Sponsored Parent (Temporary) Visa (Subclass 870) – Home Affairs
- Work Rights for Bridging Visa Holders – RAILS Legal Resource
- Parent‑Visa Backlog Report – The Guardian
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